Marica MILANESI
The viewpoint of Posterity. The Age of Discoveries seen through the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
In the nineteenth century, it was not unusual to consider the idea of the “Great Geographical Discoveries” as a phenomenon confined to the “century of discoveries”, pioneered by Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama, which was universally accepted as the starting point of anew turn in the history of the world. The aim of this article is to prove that in the seventeenth and eighteenth century the chronological definition of the “Great Geographical Discoveries” and the importance given to those discoveries were varied and depended on the political strategies of governments. After the last quarter of the sixteenth century, discoveries were no longer considered as responsible for significant progress in knowledge, a sharp contrast to what they had represented in the first half of that century. During the second half of the seventeenth century, they were seen as full of mistakes and erroneous certainties of wich geography had to free itself by systematic exploration and the use of observational astronomy : it was that corrective process which was considered by its protagonists as the real era of the Great Geographical Discoveries.
Discoveries – geography – cartography – Venice – France
Jean-Marc MANDOSIO
Angelo Poliziano and the “Other Worlds” : a Fifteenth Century Florentine Humanist’s Attitude towards Portuguese Explorations
In his celebrated letter to the king John II, Poliziano praised the Portuguese for their remarkable achievements : the (partial) conquest of Morocco and the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean and the African coasts. His reference to “new worlds” led some interpreters to see it as a premonition of the discovery of America, and Poliziano as the herald of a new conception of the world. Actually, he was primarily interested in the expansion of Christendom and in the confirmation of antique knowledge. A comparison with Poggio Bracciolini’s, Flavio Biondo’s and Vasco Fernandes de Lucena’s discourses on the same topics shows that Poliziano didn’t say anything new, and that his attitude towards modernity is more ambiguous than that of his predecessors.
Florence – Portugal – Humanism – Navigations – Africa
Patrick Gautier DALCHE
Before Behaim : the Terrestrial Globes during the Fifteenth Century
After an analysis of the potential ancient and medieval antecedents attested by textual sources, the present article studies the earliest globes, from NE France (1432), Burgundy (1440-1444) and Germany (1447-1450). They are supposed to present just a basic, schematic distinction of the surface of the earth, but the “pratical” possibilities offered by this three-dimentional representation for a precise measure of distances had been promptly remarked. The first Italian globes appeared in the iconography of the last third of the fifteenth century (manuscript decoration and paintings) : the flat disc of the earth, common in previous iconographic representations , was sometimes replaced by an image of the Ptolemean oekoumene, thus giving the illusion of the three-dimensional sphere. The success of this image, inspired by real globes made at Florence by Nicolaus Germanus, can be explained by the intense effort of theoretical reflection upon the different methods of cartographic representations developed in Germany, as a consequence of the reception of Ptolemy’s Geography. Shaping the earth and the sky as different objects reflected a peculiar relationship between the two, as the earth was not a subordinate, but an independent object, upon which an autonomous thinking could be developed. Moreover, theses globes allowed the vision of the entire earth, not only of the oekoumene.
Terrestrial Globes – Florence – Ptolemy – Nicolaus Germanus – Henricus Martellus
Christine GADRAT
Venice and the diffusion of Marco Polo’s Book (Fourteenth – Beginning of the Sixteenth Centuries)
Which part did Venice play in the diffusion of its citizen’s narrative ? The textual tradition shows that many versions and translations, to venetian or to lain, were made in Venice or in The Venetian area, but we must rejact the idea of an editorial policy constructed by the city. Nevertheless, it is possible that some went to Venice in order to look for a book whose author they knew was Venitian and, they thought, has written in his mother tongue, as did Rodrigo de Santaella at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The reception of this text in Venice itself can be traced at two moments : inside the Dominican order in the middle of the fourteenth century, and in geographical projects (like Fra Mauro’s mappamundi) in the fifteenth century.
Marco Polo – Venice – textual tradition – medieval geography
Angelo CATTANEO
Literary and geographic Discoveries in the Fifteenth Century. The “Portalono 1” of the Biblioteca nazionale centrale of Florence
The mappa mundi shelf marked “Portalono 1” of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale of Florence, drawn by a anonymous cartographer in 1457, is one of the most important documents showing the mid-fifteenth century imago mundi just prior to Iberian navigations. The map displays a rich compendium of the geographical innovations (both literary as well as geographicla discoveries) discussed in humanistic circles around the mid fifteenth century. Based on new transcription, the general analysis of the map (text, cartography, iconography) attests to how several features derived from both Ptolemaic ans nautical cartography were combined with Classical authors (in particular Pomponius Mela and Soline), Isidore of Seville’s Etymologiae (for the depiction of Africa and the rich iconography of the map) and Poggio Bracciolini’s Book IV of the De varietate fortunae transmitting Niccolo de’ Conti’s Travel to India (for the representation of Asia) to the purpose of a comprehensive reconstruction of the world picture on an ecumenical scale. Archival research has made it possible to support the hypothesis that this mappa mundi was part of the Medici Ducal collections and belonged to the corpus of maps on display in the Stanza delle matematiche in the Iffizi Palace at least since the beginning of the seventeenth century. The analysis of the “Portolano 1” reveals the continuity, or longue durée, of the epistemological statuts of cosmography between the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern period : in this period there was no direct flow from “ancient” to “modern” ; thus neither progressnor decline in the history of cosmography and ancient cartography can be found.
“Portolano 1” (Central Library of Florence – cartography – Ptolemy – Niccolo de’Conti – Medici’s collection
Emmanuelle VAGNON
From Ancient Greece to Magellan’s Travel : Humanistic Models of Antonio Pigafetta and Maximilianus Transylvanus
The paper considers two accounts of Magellan’s travel around the world : the Navigation & découvrement de l’Inde supérieure & îles de Malucque, by Antonio Pigafetta (form manuscripts of 1523-1525), and a Letter written by Maximilianus Transylvanus, dated 1522. It evaluates the humanistic practices and knowledge lying at the foundations of these works : the pictural and cartographic model of the isolario used by Pigafetta, the critical references to Ancient geography by Maximilianus Transylvanus.
travel narrative – great discoveries – isolario – maps – humanism
Matthieu HUSSON
The echo of the events. Some remarks on the taking into account of perceived reality in the optical, astronomical and musical texts from the beginning of the fourteenth century
There are numerous studies of the different forms of empiricism developed by mediaeval science. From monographs devoted to a particular author up to vast syntheses, passing through studies of some specific instrument of a particular discipline or the vocabulary employed to describe experiments and observations, these studies have formed an image of mediaeval science that certainly did not have experimental methods at its disposition but that possessed a whole range of methods capable of perceiving reality going, in a modern vocabulary, form simple daily observations to the establishment of more complex system of measurement. The remarks presented in this article are fully situated in a historic perspective. They are based on the study of optical, astronomical and musical texts from the beginning of the 14th century of which some have become classics of the genre such as the Exposito of Jean de Murs or De Iride of Thierry de Freiberg. We wish to cast light on certain differences among these three disciplines. The type of “reality” that they study is quite different. Theses specificities are directly apparent to the mediaeval authors through daily observation but they also induce important contrasts at the level of other methods of perceiving reality.
experiment – fourteenth century – optics – music – astronomy
Laurent FELLER
The exercice of power by Berenger I, king of Italy (888-915) and emperor (915-924)
This article aims to study the transformations of regal power at the time of the disappearance of Carolingian political structures. The fact of being no longer part of an empire affects the way in which institutions operate in practice and transforms the exercise of authority. The example chosen is that of Berenger I. It is approached through chronological reminders necessary to the comprehension of Italy’s political history from end of the ninth century to the beginning to the eleventh century, and through reference to the preambles of his diplomas. A comparison with those of the last Carolingians (Charles the Bald and Louis II) and of Berenger’s contemporaries (Eudes and Charles the Simple) is outlined. It tends to show that, though the royal gift remains central to the techniques of government, its significance changes over the period. Free for Charles the Bald who sees a sign of sovereignty in the power to give, it tends to become, for both Charles the Simple and for Berenger, a means of remunerating services rendered.
italy – high Middle Ages – gift – Berenger I – Regal power