Stéphane COVIAUX : « Norwegian Bishops and Western Political Ideas in the XIIth century”
This article deals with the picture Norwegian bishops had of their power in the society of the twelfth century and with its evolutions as the Norwegian Church, which was from the beginning linked to England, was turning towards Southern Europe. During the first half of the century, through their contacts with the Danish archbishops of Lund, they became acquainted with theocratic theories stemming from the Gregorian Reform. After the foundation of the province of Nidaros, they had frequent contact with the popes and affirmed their attachment to these theories. Archbishop Eystein Erlendsson (1161-1188), probably inspired by the ideas of the Parisian master Hugues of Saint-Victor, was in favour of a moderate theocracy. Through his acts, his follower Eric Ivarsson (1188-1205) developed a more radical idea of theocracy, under the influence of popes Celestin III and Innocent III.
Bishops – Church and kingship – theocracy – Norwegian society
Einar Már JONSSON : « Is the Thórdur kakali Saga a propaganda work ?”
This paper proposes a theory about the « Saga de Thórdur kakali » which is a part of the huge compilation Sturlunga saga. According to the author, this text, which the compilator follows for the years 1242-1250, was not a saga telling the whole life of its hero untill his death in 1256, but a political pamphlet written to explain the action of Thórdur and to justify his domination over Iceland. It was written when he was at the height of his power and stopped before his departure from Iceland in 1250, which put an end to his ambition.
Icelandic aristocracy – power conflicts – saga – political propaganda
Florent LENEGRE : « How to legitimate the integration into the Western Christendom : the wedding policy of the Kings of Norway in the XIIIth century »
Our purpose is to show how the kings of Norway, from the 1240ies on, in the wake of king Håkon Håkonsson, try to incorporate their newly converted kingdom into the Western Christendom. In this purpose, they build a wedding policy whose aim is to gain access to the western kings’ large familial network, so that they can be considered as legitimate members of the XIIIth century Western Christendom.
The kings of Norway’s efforts to shape their kingdom according to western standards get them official recognition from the western community in 1247. From there on, they develop an ambitious wedding policy. Its greatest success is, although it is not commonly thus considered, in 1281, the wedding between King Erik of Norway and Marguerite of Scotland, thanks to which the kings of Norway become members of the king of England’s familial network. But what is mostly remembered from this period is the failure in 1290 of the wedding between Margaret, Erik and Margaret’s only daughter, and Edvard, the English king’s first-born son. This wedding would have guaranteed Norway’s long term integration into the diplomatic and political combinations of the western kingdoms. After this failure, the kings of Norway start focusing much more on their Scandinavian neighbours, which brings the union between Norway and Sweden.
Corinne PENEAU : « Revelations and Elections. The King’s Body and the Word in saint Bridget’s Revelationes »
Most of the Revelationes saint Bridget composed have deep roots in the Swedish political life. The aim of this article is to show how the Swedish elective law leads her to regard the Swedish king as an incarnation of both the divine Word and the speech act of the people that have elected him. Bridget links power with a capacity to utter effective words ; she tries consequently to control what the king says, but also to use this power herself when she thinks that the king no longer obeys God. In such a case, power goes back to the people whose voice can be heard in a revelation that summarizes Bridget’s political thought.
Sweden – kingship – election – Incarnation – saint Bridget
Raphaëlle SCHOTT :
« Queen Margaret and her officials, and the letter she adressed to Erik of Pomerania in 1405 »
In the letter Margaret adressed to her grand-nephew Erik of Pomerania in 1405, the Queen envisaged a dialogue between the young King and the Norwegian officials. This exchange gives an interesting glimpse into the relations of power which existed between the Crown and its local servants. On one hand, it is significant of the resistances build up by some aristocrats acting first of all to preserve their own interests, and on the other hand, it describes the reforms that the monarchy established in order to fight against the usurpation of land and revenue by the aristocracy and to reaffirm its sovereignity on the Kingdom. This letter, which could be linked to the manuals of « good government », is representative of Margaret’s continuous political policies, characterised by strong monarchic centralisation and a form of autocracy, the basis of an absolute power.
Sovereignty – centralized monarchy – royal estate – illegal appropriations – political staff
Jenny JOCHENS : « Wealth, sexuality, and incitement : women’s political tools in the North »
In Old Norse society women in the leading classes of society obtained considerable wealth from their native family and from husbands. Even poor women might arrive at the top of society assuming they were young and pretty by utilizing their sexual and reproductive capabilities. Most women also used their persuasive powers, their nagging and incitement, to gain their way. By using these tools women could gain considerable political power, not only on the domestic scene but also on the royal succession in Norway.
Old Norse women – runic inscriptions – Icelandic sagas – sexuality – royal succession
Béatrice DELAURENTI : « Fascination and action at a distance : medieval questions (1230-1370) »
In medieval Europe, the latin term fascinatio indicated the power which a man or an animal could possess, at a distance, by its only glance. This extraordinary phenomenon induced some interrogations among medieval authors : up to what point could fascination have a natural cause ? From 1230 to 1370, William of Auvergne, Roger Bacon, Thomas Aquinas and then Nicole Oresme integrated this question in their philosophical reflexion about the powers of nature. The problem was to adapt the principles of the aristotelian physics, which states that any natural action is exerted by contact, with the possibility of an action at a distance, without any contact. Their reflexions show how the definition of the natural action was built and specified during these debates : the idea that an action at a distance could be a natural action was elaborated first by calling upon the role of the impressions of the soul, then by an increasingly substantial specification of the doctrine of Avicenne about the power of the soul outside the body.
Fascination – Avicenne – Aristote – Naturalism – Action at distance
Germana SCHIASSI : « “Aïmanz” : a Chapter of Gautier D’Épinal’s “Lyrical Encyclopedia ” »
This article is an analysis of the first stanza of Tout autresi com l’aïmanz deçoit, a lyric by Gautier d’Épinal (13th century), which describes the appeal of the dame through a comparison with the magnet. The choice of words, expressions and items which recall other passages within the same song stand for the renewal of poetic imagery in the 13th century, which was brought about thanks to the contact with scientific knowledge. In trying to find the literary and scientific sources, which resulted in Gautier’s imagery, we have also noted that his contribution has many analogies with what was going on in the most experimental cultural setting of his day, Frederic II’s poetic Sicilian « School ».
Gautier – Épinal – song – magnet – encyclopedia