Jean-Louis Gaulin – Université Lumière-Lyon 2, UMR 5648 (CIHAM)
Latin and vernacular in the administrative writings of the Principality of Savoy. The example of the general book accounts of the fourteenth-century
The Principality of Savoy continued to use Latin as its language of administration up until the crisis caused by the French occupation during the years 1536-1559. However, the examination of a series of book accounts compiled by financial officers in the fourteenth century shows that accompanying documents written in vernacular—a middle French with Franco-Provençal features—could, as part of a highly regulated administrative procedure, have had a place in this accounting process. The records of the House of Savoy therefore offer a field of inquiry that is particularly useful for studying the bilingualism of the Prince’s officers in their daily work.
Keywords : administration, bilingualism, book account, Franco-Provencal, House of Savoy, Latin, vernacular
Alexis Charansonnet – Université Lumière-Lyon 2, UMR 5648 (CIHAM)
Translating royal sovereignty into French. Latin-French documents of the Trésor des Chartes on the attachment of Lyon to the kingdom
In the second half of 1297 in a context of unbridled propaganda by French officers in favor of Lyon (an imperial bishopric) becoming attached to the Capetian kingdom, comparing a short anonymous Latin memoir from the National Archives with its French version reveals what “translation” can sometimes consist of: shortening, simplifying, and more widely disseminating the royal argument through its local servants. A simple but significant example of this can be seen with the phrase: “that Lyons is of the kingdom of France and the first archbishop seat of the French Kingdom” [“que Lyons est du royaume de France et li premiers sieges d’archevesque qui sont el roiaume de France”].
Keywords : administrative brief, archbishop, empire, Lyon, propaganda, “roman national,” royal officers, translation
Jérémie Rabiot – Gymnase de Münchenstein (Bâle, Suisse), UMR 5648 (CIHAM)
“Fatta fedelmente volgarizzare.” Translated and inserted documents in Giovanni Villani’s Nuova Cronica (Florence, fourteenth century)
This paper focuses on the translation into vernacular and the transcription of Latin documents in the Nuova Cronica, a history of the world and of the city of Florence written in the fourteenth century by the chronicler and merchant Giovanni Villani. It studies the objectives and principles of translation adopted here, and highlights the political and social issues that led the author to receive, translate, and copy official documents (papal bull, exchanges of Chancery, or alliance treaty). It therefore aims to link these facts with the increase of vulgarizations of communal statutes, at a time when political communication in vernacular was becoming more widespread in the communes of Italy.
Keywords : Florence, Italy, Giovanni Villani, Nuova Cronica, translation, vernacular
Carlos Heusch – École normale supérieure de Lyon, UMR 5648 (CIHAM)
Translation and re-creation: From Alfonso X’s didacticism to the first Castilian novels
The author lists the main translations undertaken in thirteenth century Castile within the circle of power (Kings Fernando III, Alfonso X, and Sancho IV), focusing on the programmatic character of these translations. The author shows that the superiority given to the oriental didacticism is due to the political implications of this literary genre. He also details the modus operandi of these translations, in particular those that were made under the authority of King Alfonso X. With the next monarch, Sancho IV, Castile opened itself up to a new wave of translations focused on the highly spiritualist “matière de France.” This was the starting point for narratives about chivalric adventures translated from French such as The Book of the Knight Zifar or the earliest Amadis de Gaula, which were to give the first Castilian works an Arthurian dimension.
Keywords : Alfonso X, Amadis, chivalric romance, didacticism, politics, Sancho IV, translation, Zifar
Marylène Possamaï-Perez – Université Lumière-Lyon 2, UMR 5648 (CIHAM)
Translating Ovid in the fourteenth century: The love of Mars and Venus in Book IV of the Metamorphoses and the Ovide moralisé
This article examines the sources of the anonymous author who, at the beginning of the fourteenth century, produced the first complete translation in the vernacular language of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, before providing a second “translation,” a thematic transposition, that lifted the veil of the fable to reveal its allegorical meaning. For the translation of the fable, the translator, who knew Latin well and could translate it faithfully, sometimes chose the words by using interlinear glosses of the medieval manuscript of the Metamorphoses he had at his disposal. However, he was also able to use other earlier texts for guidance (Ovid’s Ars amatoria for the story of Mars, Venus, and Vulcan) as well as the previous Romanic versions of the fable (in this particular case, the one in the Roman d’Enéas). Thanks to these texts, or thanks to the mythographers who preceded him, the translator enhanced the text of the Metamorphoses. In this French version of the fable, he displays originality and includes certain details that are not present in any other text. However, it is in the second transposition, that of the interpretation, that he really departs from his sources: both “concrete” interpretations distinguish themselves from the writings of mythographers or from previous romantic narratives in their scale and their tone. But it is the tropological “allegory” in particular that displays an unyielding originality, in particular through the zealous tone that is characteristic of this work, which can certainly be related to the preaching of the translator’s time.
Keywords : allegory, fable, Latin, Ovide moralisé, preaching, Romanic, translation
Irene Salvo García – Centre for Medieval Literature, Syddansk Universitet (Danemark)
« Que l’en seult balaine clamer. » Linguistic commentary and translation in the Middle Ages (ca thirteenth to fourteenth centuries, Spain and France)
The first translations of Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Castilian and in French date from the end of the thirteenth century. These versions, the product of a common exegetic tradition of French origin, are part of a much wider historiographical and Christian body of works : the General estoria (1270-1284) of King Alfonso X, the modern edition of which has more than 6,000 pages, and the Ovide moralisé (ca 1320), which contains 72,000 verses. Despite having extensive interpretative glosses at their disposal, both translations are remarkably literal, which allows us to compare the original text to the vernacular version quite precisely. Thus, we observe that the translators were also aware of the short Latin gloss, which is of a linguistic character and is a fundamental part of Latin commentaries on Ovid. In this article, we focus on the translation of the lexicon of plants, flowers, and animals, which are mentioned frequently in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, and we study the extent to which the vernacular solutions can be explained by or linked to the previous commentaries. The examples highlight the difficulties the translators had to contend with, which included not only having to understand Latin precisely, but also finding Romance language equivalents to capture the original Latin term. The comparison between both translations contributes to the literary and linguistic histories of Old French and Castilian between the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century.
Keywords : fauna, flora, General estoria, gloss, lexicons, Metamorphoses, Ovid, Ovide moralisé, translation
Laurence Moulinier-Brogi – Université Lumière-Lyon 2, UMR 5648 (CIHAM)
Are some things untranslatable ? Certain cases of resistance in the scientific writings of the Middle Ages
The history of the vernacular translations of the scientific or technical literature of the Middle Ages, the so-called Fachliteratur in German, presents many terminological and philological problems : these texts sometimes contain copy errors carried over into subsequent editions, and misreading is often the primary reason why specific objects are incorrectly identified. This article aims to provide a sample of the difficulties encountered in the translation of scientific or technical writing. It considers the translation of names of different species, in particular botanical ones, which are often very locally specific and sometimes even extinct. It also looks at the issue of accurately transmitting the names of colors from one linguistic area to another, and, lastly, the adoption of new terms introduced from the twelfth century onward into the medieval Western world by the Latin translations from Arabic about the science of the stars. This brief overview of various different fields of medieval science reveals that there was some resistance when it came to identifying and transposing the peculiar to the universal, or integrating new words into a target language. It also briefly touches upon the significance of medieval glossaries, lists of synonyms, and lexicons, which were very useful for medieval readers and can still be of great help for modern readers or translators.
Keywords : color names, Fachliteratur, Hagin the Jew, Hildegard of Bingen, Liber subtilitatum, names of plants, science of celestial bodies, scientific writing, translation, uroscopy, vernacularization
Marie-Pascale Halary – Université Lumière-Lyon 2, UMR 5648 (CIHAM)
A medieval translation of William of Saint-Thierry’s Letter to the Brothers of Mont-Dieu. Early evidence of a learned vernacular
This study looks at an early translation (second half of the twelfth century), in the Lorraine dialect, of the Letter to the Brothers of Mont-Dieu by William of Saint-Thierry. After outlining the main characteristics of contemporary monastic translations, it examines how this spiritual text was transposed into this Romance language by focusing in particular on the translation of the pair of nouns « anima/animus. » It aims to demonstrate the existence, at an early date, of a scholarly vernacular scripturality, which may not have been intended for a secular audience.
Keywords : animus/anima, Epistola ad fratres de Monte Dei, Letter to the Brothers of Mont-Dieu, monastic translations, spiritual literature, vernacular scripturality, William of Saint-Thierry
Corinne Pierreville – Université Jean Moulin-Lyon 3, UMR 5648 (CIHAM)
A choice of words ? Translating the erotic texts of the Middle Ages
As everyone knows, translation is an exercise that can lead the translator to become frustrated, since it is not possible to perfectly restore all the various nuances of a text, the connotations of a word, the rhythm, the tones, the phonic and semantic suggestions, and the style of an author. These difficulties increase when the writing deals with sexual desire and pleasure. In order to provide an anthology of medieval erotic literature, translation is essential, since the contemporary reader would be unable to understand the language of the Middle Ages, and the original text would have to be heavily annotated with notes on meaning. Translation is necessary for enabling the reader’s understanding of the text, and for providing keys to its meaning. But how should we translate ? What terms that exist in modern French should we keep ? What words should we change ? In this article, we use specific examples to justify our choices, as well as discussing what we failed to translate.
Keywords : comedy, eroticism, obscenity, transgression, translation
Christopher Lucken – Université Paris 8 (Vincennes/Saint-Denis), EA 7322/Université de Genève
Translating The Song of Roland
This study presents and analyzes the many versified or rhythmic translations of The Song of Roland produced between the publication of the Oxford manuscript in 1837 and the end of the First World War. These translations attempted to keep in mind the title that had been given to this chanson de geste, preserving in one way or another its lyrical character and thus maintaining the link that had been established with the Cantilena Rolandi that was said to have been sung during the Battle of Hastings to encourage soldiers to fight. After having specified what led its first translators to retain the song element of this poem (in a context dominated mainly by the defeat of 1870 and a desire for revenge), it presents the arguments made in 1922 by Joseph Bédier to translate it into prose, rather than verse, and attempts to explain the motives and issues of such a decision.
Keywords : Cantilena Rolandi, chanson de geste, epic poetry, Joseph Bédier, nationalism, prose, Song of Roland, translation, verse
Arnaud Lestremau – Collège Pablo Picasso (Garges-lès-Gonesse)/LAMOP (UMR 8589 – Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne/CNRS)
Basileus Anglorum. Imperial claims in regnal styles at the end of the Anglo-Saxon period
Regnal styles reflect the extent of a king’s power, but they also show the image that he wants to project. During a period of intense political change in the British Isles, it was only logical that the regnal styles would change too, in order to highlight conquests and annexations and assert territorial claims. At the beginning of the ninth century, the Mercian hegemony was manifested by the use of imperial titles, and at the end of that century, the crucial victories of Wessex allowed their kings to assume increasingly audacious styles. As he had incorporated Angles into a Saxon kingdom, King Alfred presented himself as the king of a new kingdom, the kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons. He and his successors then took up a unifying and redeeming ethnic label forged by the Venerable Bede, and they progressively became the Kings of the English. Because they were able to rule several kingdoms that had been divided only a few decades earlier, and because of their ability to successfully fight against the Vikings, achieve conquests, and have a growing influence outside the kingdom, the kings chose even more daring and showy regnal styles. If one believes the political communication of Wessex during the tenth and eleventh centuries, the kingdom had become an empire, at the very least during the reign of its most powerful rulers, such as Athelstan, Edgar, or Cnut.
Keywords : charters, imperial claims, late Anglo-Saxon England, political communication, regnal style
Sylvie Duval – Fondation Thiers/CIHAM
gender studies, Latin, literacy, reading, women, writing